Harrowing stories are emerging in the wake of catastrophic and sudden flooding over the fourth of July weekend in Texas - where many people were camping, and children were at riverside summer camp.

More than 80 people are confirmed dead (28 of whom were children) and 12 people are still missing. Parents have described finding children's bodies while picking through flood debris searching for their own missing kids.

In Texas, the floodwaters rose very rapidly and in the middle of the night. Authorities had issued flood warnings but many people were still caught off-guard.

Sudden floods can also happen in Australia, as seen recently in New South Wales around Taree and Lismore, in the wake of ex-Cyclone Alfred.

As climate change makes severe weather events more frequent, it's worth asking: how ready is Australia for its next sudden flood? And what could help to encourage people to leave while there's still time?

Decades of research shows disasters can emerge and change very quickly. Hazards at night are especially difficult, because much can change while people are sleeping.

Even when flood warnings are issued, authorities can struggle to convince people the problem will affect them.

People often base their risk assessments on what's happened in the past. So, if they live in an area that has experienced minor flooding before, they may think the current flood will be similarly minor.

Research also shows people often wait for extra evidence to confirm the initial warnings from officials. They might look to see if people around them are preparing to leave, or look for cues from the environment such as a sudden burst of loud rain.

Unfortunately, waiting can mean you miss the opportunity to leave. A road may close, or services may be overwhelmed and evacuation may no longer be an option. Escape options can narrow incredibly quickly, especially when people are asleep.

The Albanese government announced in 2023 it would spend A$236 million over a decade to establish a national flood warning network. This will involve buying and upgrading flood gauges across Australia and trying to repair what the government has called "patchwork flood gauge network".

That's important, and it's also positive to see other research on ways we can use existing technology infrastructure such as mobile phone towers to get early warnings on rising floodwaters.

But technology is only one part of the bigger picture. As growing body of research shows, many people do not evacuate even when warned about floods or fire.

Authorities must find ways to communicate disaster risk in a way that people will respond to.

Research shows getting the message out through as many channels as possible is crucial. People need to hear about the warnings on TV and on radio and online through various platforms and via local groups as well as national authorities.

The evidence also suggests people are more likely to trust messages coming from others in their community.

So, emergency agencies should work through community "champions" to help spread the word about an impending flood threat. It could be the principal of a school, a trusted source in a non-English speaking community, local emergency services volunteers or the manager of a local neighbourhood centre.

Emergency and government agencies need to identify trusted sources in communities, and build connections with them, before the crisis arrives to ensure information is disseminated smoothly in an emergency.

Many people hear warnings and believe a flood is coming, but may think the worst impacts won't happen in their area. This is a very common misconception.

That's why information should be tailored so people understand the risk at their particular location.

Helping people understand the consequences of not evacuating is also vital. This might mean messaging such as "if you don't leave now, the floods will be over your roof and we may not be able to come and rescue you or your children or pet".

Residents may not understand how fast floodwaters can move, that conditions may be very choppy and windy, or that large and dangerous debris will be coming at them and their children in a flood. This should also be communicated clearly.

Education prior to the crisis event can help people understand what flood waters can do at their location. This community awareness should be conducted in flood-prone areas at regular intervals.

Localised, tailored information can help people understand what will happen to them and their families if they don't leave early enough - hopefully preventing devastating death tolls of the kind Texas is now grappling with.